Taxes on property generally cover all types of recurrent and non-recurrent taxes and levies on the use of ownership, and transfer of property. These include (a) recurrent taxes on immovable property, (b) recurrent taxes on net wealth, (c) taxes on estates, inheritances, and gifts, (d) taxes on financial and capital transactions (e.g., stamp, registry fees, property transfer taxes), and (e) non-recurrent and recurrent taxes on property (e.g., betterment levies to capture land value increases) (OECD, 2021: ADB, 2020).